Coasts

**Options Coasts. []

media type="custom" key="5875717"

media type="custom" key="5875627"**  This theme covers the four groups of factors whose interaction determines the nature of a coastal environment at any one time: terrestrial, atmospheric, marine and biological (including human). The coastal zone should be viewed as an open system and a spatial approach is required to ensure a geographical perspective. Issues and management strategies will be essential to maintaining a focus on interaction.
 * 3.2 Coasts and their Management**

• shorelines of cliffs • dunes • barriers • beaches • lagoons • estuaries. Be aware that humans play a significant role in altering the coastal zone, directly and indirectly, through buildings, pollution, tourism and recreation, sea defences, conservation and global warming. ||  || · Action of waves
 * == Content == || ** Learning Outcomes ** || ** Notes ** ||
 * **3.2.1 Factors affecting the shoreline environment ** || Understand the terrestrial, atmospheric, marine and biological factors responsible for:
 * **3.2.2 Marine processes and landforms **

· Erosional landforms

· Depositional landforms || Understand the role played by the interaction of wind and wave energy, wave incidence, particle size and refraction in influencing erosion, transportation and deposition in coastal environments. Be aware that waves can be classified in response to a number of interactive variables: energy, fetch, wind speed and duration, and coastal form. Understand the concept of negative feedback in maintaining equilibrium.

Understand the processes of erosion, the factors which affect its rate and features which typically result from it, including bays and headlands, cliffs, stacks and arches, wave-cut platforms and caves.

Understand the depositional processes and the resultant features including beaches (swash and drift aligned), dunes, spits, tombolos, bars, barrier islands and salt marshes. ||  || · Changes in the use of coastal littorals
 * == Content == || ** Learning Outcomes ** || ** Notes ** ||
 * · Other coastal landforms || Understand the formation and the features of emergent and submergent coastlines, including worldwide changes in sea level (eustatic) and local changes in the continental crust (isostatic). ||  ||
 * **3.2.3 Issues and management strategies **

· Coastal hazards

· Response to hazards and environmental impact || Understand changing land use in coastal zones at a variety of scales and over time. Important changes to be considered are those associated with residential development, tourism, recreation, manufacturing industries and port facilities, including free trade zones.

Relate the processes of change to a specific stretch of coast at a local scale.

Appreciate that the interaction of terrestrial, atmospheric, marine and biological (including human) factors affect the vulnerability of people to hazards in coastal environments.

Understand the hazard of storm surge which results in coastal flooding, especially its impact in LEDCs in tropical and sub-tropical latitudes.

Examine a specific example of a coastal hazard and the human responses to it at a local scale. This will include understanding the interaction between economic and environmental factors in coastal management, and considering the possible alternative management strategies. ||  ||







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